
<div class="wp-block-rank-math-toc-block" id="rank-math-toc"><h2>Table of Contents: 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</h2><nav><ul><li class=""><a href="#key-takeaways">Key Takeaways: 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</a></li><li class=""><a href="#defining-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-technologies">Defining Hydropower and Ocean Energy Technologies</a></li><li class=""><a href="#the-significance-of-section-18-2-in-renewable-energy-research">The Significance of Section 18.2 in Renewable Energy Research</a></li><li class=""><a href="#current-state-of-implementation-in-the-united-states">Current State of Implementation in the United States</a></li><li class=""><a href="#research-methodology-and-scope">Research Methodology and Scope</a></li><li class=""><a href="#key-findings-on-turbine-efficiency-improvements">Key Findings on Turbine Efficiency Improvements</a></li><li class=""><a href="#practical-applications-for-energy-providers">Practical Applications for Energy Providers</a><ul><li class=""><a href="#case-study-columbia-river-basin-implementation">Case Study: Columbia River Basin Implementation</a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="#marine-ecosystem-considerations">Marine Ecosystem Considerations</a></li><li class=""><a href="#comparative-analysis-with-traditional-energy-sources">Comparative Analysis with Traditional Energy Sources</a></li><li class=""><a href="#mitigation-strategies-for-sustainable-implementation">Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Implementation</a><ul><li class=""><a href="#breakthrough-technologies-minimizing-ecological-footprint">Breakthrough Technologies Minimizing Ecological Footprint</a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="#cost-benefit-analysis-across-different-scales">Cost-Benefit Analysis Across Different Scales</a></li><li class=""><a href="#investment-trends-and-government-incentives">Investment Trends and Government Incentives</a></li><li class=""><a href="#long-term-economic-projections-for-coastal-communities">Long-term Economic Projections for Coastal Communities</a></li><li class=""><a href="#next-generation-wave-energy-converters">Next-Generation Wave Energy Converters</a></li><li class=""><a href="#advancements-in-tidal-stream-technology">Advancements in Tidal Stream Technology</a></li><li class=""><a href="#integration-challenges-with-existing-power-grids">Integration Challenges with Existing Power Grids</a><ul><li class=""><a href="#emerging-storage-solutions-for-intermittent-generation">Emerging Storage Solutions for Intermittent Generation</a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="#public-perception-and-community-engagement">Public Perception and Community Engagement</a></li><li class=""><a href="#regulatory-frameworks-across-different-jurisdictions">Regulatory Frameworks Across Different Jurisdictions</a></li><li class=""><a href="#collaborative-models-between-industry-government-and-communities">Collaborative Models Between Industry, Government, and Communities</a></li><li class=""><a href="#what-is-the-current-state-of-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-implementation-in-the-united-states">What is the current state of hydropower and ocean energy implementation in the United States?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#how-do-advancements-in-turbine-efficiency-impact-energy-production-in-hydropower-systems">How do advancements in turbine efficiency impact energy production in hydropower systems?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#what-are-the-environmental-implications-of-ocean-energy-harvesting-and-how-can-they-be-mitigated">What are the environmental implications of ocean energy harvesting, and how can they be mitigated?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#are-18-2-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-projects-economically-viable-and-what-are-the-long-term-economic-projections">Are 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy projects economically viable, and what are the long-term economic projections?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#what-technological-innovations-are-being-developed-for-tidal-and-wave-energy-capture-and-what-are-the-integration-challenges">What technological innovations are being developed for tidal and wave energy capture, and what are the integration challenges?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#how-do-social-and-policy-dimensions-impact-the-development-of-ocean-energy-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-collaborative-models">How do social and policy dimensions impact the development of ocean energy, and what are the benefits of collaborative models?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#what-role-do-renewable-energy-sources-like-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-play-in-sustainable-power-generation">What role do renewable energy sources like hydropower and ocean energy play in sustainable power generation?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#how-do-green-energy-technologies-like-hydroelectricity-technology-contribute-to-a-cleaner-energy-future">How do green energy technologies like hydroelectricity technology contribute to a cleaner energy future?</a></li><li class=""><a href="#what-is-the-significance-of-marine-energy-solutions-in-the-context-of-renewable-energy">What is the significance of marine energy solutions in the context of renewable energy?</a></li></ul></nav></div>



<p>As you explore the realm of <strong>renewable energy sources</strong>, you&#8217;re likely to come across <em>innovative technologies</em> that are changing the way we generate power. One such area is <strong>hydropower and ocean energy</strong>, which has been gaining attention for its potential to provide sustainable and reliable energy.</p>



<p>You&#8217;re about to dive into the world of <strong>18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</strong>, and discover what five informative studies have to reveal. These studies will guide you through the fundamentals, efficiency advancements, and environmental impact assessments of these <strong>sustainable power generation</strong> technologies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="key-takeaways">Key Takeaways: 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</h3>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Insights into the latest advancements in hydropower and ocean energy.</li>



<li>Understanding the environmental impact of these <strong>renewable energy sources</strong>.</li>



<li>Overview of the economic viability of hydropower and ocean energy.</li>



<li>Technological innovations in the field.</li>



<li>Social dimensions and implications of adopting these energy sources.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-fundamentals-of-18-2-hydropower-and-ocean-energy">The Fundamentals of 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Energy</h2>



<p>Harnessing the power of water is not a new concept, but the advancements in <strong>18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</strong> are revolutionizing the way we think about energy production. As you delve into the specifics of these technologies, you&#8217;ll uncover the potential they hold for a sustainable future.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="defining-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-technologies">Defining Hydropower and Ocean Energy Technologies</h3>



<p>Hydropower utilizes the energy of moving water to generate electricity, a technology that has been refined over centuries. Ocean energy, on the other hand, encompasses various forms, including tidal and wave power, offering a vast, untapped resource for electricity generation. These <strong>renewable energy sources</strong> are crucial in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-significance-of-section-18-2-in-renewable-energy-research">The Significance of Section 18.2 in Renewable Energy Research</h3>



<p>Section 18.2 focuses on the latest advancements and innovations in hydropower and ocean energy, highlighting their significance in the broader context of renewable energy research. This includes improvements in technology, efficiency, and environmental impact assessments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="current-state-of-implementation-in-the-united-states">Current State of Implementation in the United States</h3>



<p>The United States is making significant strides in implementing hydropower and ocean energy technologies. Various projects are underway to develop and deploy these technologies, aiming to integrate them into the national energy mix. The benefits and challenges associated with these energy sources are being closely monitored.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><th>Technology</th><th>Current Status</th><th>Potential Impact</th></tr><tr><td>Hydropower</td><td>Established technology with ongoing improvements</td><td>Significant potential for electricity generation</td></tr><tr><td>Ocean Energy (Tidal/Wave)</td><td>Emerging technology with pilot projects</td><td>High potential for future electricity generation</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>As you can see, the fundamentals of <strong><a href="https://b9tt.com/hydropower/" data-type="link" data-id="https://b9tt.com/hydropower/">18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</a></strong> are rooted in their potential to contribute significantly to <strong>sustainable power generation</strong>. The advancements in <em>hydroelectricity technology</em> are pivotal in this journey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="study-1-efficiency-advancements-in-modern-hydroelectric-systems">Study 1: Efficiency Advancements in Modern Hydroelectric Systems</h2>



<p>The quest for renewable energy has driven innovation in hydroelectric system efficiency. As you explore the latest developments in <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" data-type="link" data-id="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy">clean energy resources</a></strong>, you&#8217;ll discover that modern hydroelectric systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="research-methodology-and-scope">Research Methodology and Scope</h3>



<p>Researchers investigating efficiency advancements in hydroelectric systems employed a multi-faceted approach, analyzing various turbine designs and materials to optimize energy conversion. The study&#8217;s scope included both theoretical modeling and practical experimentation to validate the findings.</p>



<p>The research focused on three primary areas:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Advanced turbine designs</li>



<li>New materials for improved durability</li>



<li>Optimized operational strategies</li>
</ul>



<p>These areas were critical in determining the overall efficiency of hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="key-findings-on-turbine-efficiency-improvements">Key Findings on Turbine Efficiency Improvements</h3>



<p>The study revealed significant improvements in turbine efficiency through the use of advanced materials and designs. For instance, the implementation of <strong>Francis turbines</strong> with modified blade geometries resulted in a notable increase in energy output.</p>



<p>Some key findings include:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Improved blade design leading to reduced cavitation</li>



<li>Enhanced material coatings for increased durability</li>



<li>Optimized turbine operation through advanced monitoring systems</li>
</ol>



<p>These advancements contribute to more efficient and reliable hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="practical-applications-for-energy-providers">Practical Applications for Energy Providers</h3>



<p>Energy providers can benefit from these advancements by upgrading existing infrastructure with more efficient turbines and adopting advanced operational strategies. This not only enhances energy output but also reduces maintenance costs over time.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="case-study-columbia-river-basin-implementation">Case Study: Columbia River Basin Implementation</h4>



<p>A notable example of these efficiency advancements is the implementation of new turbine technologies in the Columbia River Basin. This project demonstrated a significant increase in power generation while minimizing environmental impact.</p>



<p>The success of this project highlights the potential for similar implementations in other regions, contributing to a broader adoption of <strong>clean energy resources</strong>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="study-2-environmental-impact-assessment-of-ocean-energy-harvesting">Study 2: Environmental Impact Assessment of Ocean Energy Harvesting</h2>



<p>Ocean energy harvesting, a promising green energy technology, necessitates a comprehensive environmental impact assessment. As you explore the potential of tidal and wave energy, understanding the ecological implications is crucial for sustainable development.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="marine-ecosystem-considerations">Marine Ecosystem Considerations</h3>



<p>Researchers have been studying the effects of ocean energy harvesting on marine ecosystems. The installation of tidal turbines and wave energy converters can alter habitats and affect marine life. You should consider the potential changes in water flow, noise pollution, and the impact on marine species.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/48877118-7272-4a4d-b302-0465d8aa4548/5ae360a8-63ed-4a20-9c55-425ccc2d4969/0c06f741-0212-4d36-ba02-61c5494989af.jpg" alt="tidal power industry"/></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="comparative-analysis-with-traditional-energy-sources">Comparative Analysis with Traditional Energy Sources</h3>



<p>A comparative analysis with traditional energy sources reveals that ocean energy harvesting has a relatively lower environmental impact. Unlike fossil fuels, ocean energy produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation. However, the construction and installation phases can have significant ecological effects.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><th>Energy Source</th><th>Greenhouse Gas Emissions</th><th>Environmental Impact</th></tr><tr><td>Ocean Energy</td><td>Low</td><td>Localized habitat disruption</td></tr><tr><td>Fossil Fuels</td><td>High</td><td>Global climate change, air and water pollution</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="mitigation-strategies-for-sustainable-implementation">Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Implementation</h3>



<p>To minimize the ecological footprint of ocean energy harvesting, researchers are developing mitigation strategies. These include optimizing turbine design to reduce noise and implementing monitoring systems to track environmental impacts.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="breakthrough-technologies-minimizing-ecological-footprint">Breakthrough Technologies Minimizing Ecological Footprint</h4>



<p>Breakthrough technologies, such as <strong>underwater tidal kites</strong> and <em>floating wave energy converters</em>, are being designed to minimize ecological disruption. These innovations have the potential to reduce the environmental impact while maintaining energy production efficiency.</p>



<p>As you consider the future of the <strong>tidal power industry</strong>, it&#8217;s clear that <strong>green energy technologies</strong> must be developed with sustainability in mind. By understanding the environmental implications and implementing mitigation strategies, you can support the growth of ocean energy harvesting in an environmentally responsible manner.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="study-3-economic-viability-of-18-2-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-projects">Study 3: Economic Viability of 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Energy Projects</h2>



<p>As you explore the economic viability of hydropower and ocean energy projects, you&#8217;ll discover the potential for significant growth in the <strong>renewable energy sources</strong> sector. The third study in this series delves into the economic aspects of these projects, providing valuable insights for investors and policymakers.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/48877118-7272-4a4d-b302-0465d8aa4548/5ae360a8-63ed-4a20-9c55-425ccc2d4969/59198c35-4355-4361-8ff5-80d12ae388aa.jpg" alt="ocean power innovation"/></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="cost-benefit-analysis-across-different-scales">Cost-Benefit Analysis Across Different Scales</h3>



<p>A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis is crucial for understanding the economic viability of hydropower and ocean energy projects. This analysis reveals that larger-scale projects can benefit from economies of scale, while smaller projects can offer more flexible investment opportunities. By examining different scales, you can identify the most viable options for your investment or development goals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="investment-trends-and-government-incentives">Investment Trends and Government Incentives</h3>



<p>Investment trends in <em>ocean power innovation</em> are on the rise, driven by government incentives and declining technology costs. Governments worldwide are offering various incentives, such as tax credits and grants, to encourage the development of hydropower and ocean energy projects. These incentives are crucial for attracting investment and driving growth in the sector.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="long-term-economic-projections-for-coastal-communities">Long-term Economic Projections for Coastal Communities</h3>



<p>Long-term economic projections for coastal communities indicate that investing in hydropower and ocean energy can lead to significant economic benefits. These benefits include job creation, infrastructure development, and increased local revenue. By understanding these projections, you can make informed decisions about investing in or supporting these projects in your community.</p>



<p>The study&#8217;s findings highlight the potential for <strong>renewable energy sources</strong> to drive economic growth and development. As you consider the economic viability of hydropower and ocean energy projects, it&#8217;s clear that these industries have a promising future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="study-4-technological-innovations-in-tidal-and-wave-energy-capture">Study 4: Technological Innovations in Tidal and Wave Energy Capture</h2>



<p>The fourth study reveals groundbreaking advancements in tidal and wave energy capture, revolutionizing renewable energy production. As researchers continue to push the boundaries of <strong>hydroelectricity technology</strong>, new innovations are emerging that promise to enhance the efficiency and viability of tidal and wave energy projects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="next-generation-wave-energy-converters">Next-Generation Wave Energy Converters</h3>



<p>One of the significant breakthroughs highlighted in the study is the development of next-generation wave energy converters. These devices are designed to capture energy from ocean waves more efficiently, using advanced materials and designs that improve durability and reduce maintenance costs. For instance, &#8220;The new wave energy converters can increase energy production by up to 30% compared to their predecessors,&#8221; according to the study.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="advancements-in-tidal-stream-technology">Advancements in Tidal Stream Technology</h3>



<p>The study also explores advancements in tidal stream technology, which harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal currents. New turbine designs and installation methods are being developed to maximize energy capture while minimizing environmental impact. These innovations are crucial for the growth of <strong>sustainable power generation</strong> from tidal sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="integration-challenges-with-existing-power-grids">Integration Challenges with Existing Power Grids</h3>



<p>Despite these advancements, integrating tidal and wave energy into existing power grids poses significant challenges. The study discusses the need for grid infrastructure upgrades and the development of smart grid technologies to manage the variable output from these renewable sources effectively.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="emerging-storage-solutions-for-intermittent-generation">Emerging Storage Solutions for Intermittent Generation</h4>



<p>To address the intermittency of tidal and wave energy, researchers are exploring emerging storage solutions. Advanced battery technologies and other innovative storage methods are being developed to ensure a stable and reliable power supply, thereby supporting the wider adoption of these <strong>renewable energy sources</strong>.</p>



<p>In conclusion, the fourth study underscores the rapid progress being made in tidal and wave energy capture technologies. As these innovations continue to evolve, they are likely to play a crucial role in the transition to more <strong>sustainable power generation</strong> systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="study-5-social-and-policy-dimensions-of-ocean-energy-development">Study 5: Social and Policy Dimensions of Ocean Energy Development</h2>



<p>Ocean energy development is gaining momentum, but its progress is influenced by a complex interplay of social, policy, and technological factors. As you explore the future of <strong>clean energy resources</strong>, understanding these dimensions is crucial for harnessing <strong>marine energy solutions</strong> effectively.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="public-perception-and-community-engagement">Public Perception and Community Engagement</h3>



<p>Public perception plays a significant role in the success of ocean energy projects. Research has shown that inclusive decision-making processes, which involve local communities, are vital for gaining public support. You can see this in action through initiatives that engage communities in the planning and development stages, fostering a sense of ownership and reducing potential conflicts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="regulatory-frameworks-across-different-jurisdictions">Regulatory Frameworks Across Different Jurisdictions</h3>



<p>The regulatory environment for ocean energy varies significantly across different jurisdictions. Some regions have implemented supportive policies and streamlined permitting processes, while others lag behind. Understanding these regulatory frameworks is essential for developers looking to navigate the complex landscape of <strong>marine energy solutions</strong>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="collaborative-models-between-industry-government-and-communities">Collaborative Models Between Industry, Government, and Communities</h3>



<p>Effective collaboration between industry stakeholders, government bodies, and local communities is key to overcoming the challenges associated with ocean energy development. By working together, these parties can develop clean energy resources that are both economically viable and socially acceptable. You can expect to see more innovative collaborative models emerging as the industry continues to evolve.</p>



<p>By examining the social and policy dimensions of ocean energy development, you gain a deeper understanding of the factors that will shape the future of this promising clean energy sector.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="conclusion-18-2-hydropower-and-ocean-energy">Conclusion: 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</h2>



<p>You now have a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future landscape of 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy, driven by advancements in <strong>green energy technologies</strong>. The five studies explored have revealed significant breakthroughs and challenges in these fields, paving the way for a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.</p>



<p>As you consider the potential for increased adoption and deployment of 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy, it&#8217;s clear that these technologies will play a crucial role in shaping the energy landscape. With ongoing innovations and investments in these areas, you can expect to see improved efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced sustainability.</p>



<p>The future of 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy is promising, with opportunities for growth and development in the United States and beyond. As these <strong>green energy technologies</strong> continue to evolve, they will contribute significantly to a more sustainable energy mix, driving a cleaner environment and a more energy-secure future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="faq-18-2-hydropower-and-ocean-energy">FAQ: 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-is-the-current-state-of-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-implementation-in-the-united-states">What is the current state of hydropower and ocean energy implementation in the United States?</h3>



<p>The current state of implementation is promising, with numerous projects underway to develop and deploy these technologies, and they are being integrated into the national energy mix.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="how-do-advancements-in-turbine-efficiency-impact-energy-production-in-hydropower-systems">How do advancements in turbine efficiency impact energy production in hydropower systems?</h3>



<p>Advancements in turbine efficiency lead to significant improvements in energy conversion efficiency, benefiting energy providers and the environment, as seen in the Columbia River Basin implementation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-are-the-environmental-implications-of-ocean-energy-harvesting-and-how-can-they-be-mitigated">What are the environmental implications of ocean energy harvesting, and how can they be mitigated?</h3>



<p>Ocean energy harvesting has complex relationships with marine ecosystems, but mitigation strategies, including breakthrough technologies that minimize ecological footprint, can help ensure sustainable implementation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="are-18-2-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-projects-economically-viable-and-what-are-the-long-term-economic-projections">Are 18.2 hydropower and ocean energy projects economically viable, and what are the long-term economic projections?</h3>



<p>A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis reveals the potential for economic growth and job creation, with long-term economic projections indicating benefits for coastal communities, driven by investment trends and government incentives.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-technological-innovations-are-being-developed-for-tidal-and-wave-energy-capture-and-what-are-the-integration-challenges">What technological innovations are being developed for tidal and wave energy capture, and what are the integration challenges?</h3>



<p>Next-generation wave energy converters and advanced tidal stream technologies are being developed, but integration challenges with existing power grids and the need for emerging storage solutions for intermittent generation must be addressed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="how-do-social-and-policy-dimensions-impact-the-development-of-ocean-energy-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-collaborative-models">How do social and policy dimensions impact the development of ocean energy, and what are the benefits of collaborative models?</h3>



<p>Public perception, community engagement, and regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in ocean energy development, and collaborative models between industry, government, and communities can facilitate inclusive decision-making processes and drive growth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-role-do-renewable-energy-sources-like-hydropower-and-ocean-energy-play-in-sustainable-power-generation">What role do renewable energy sources like hydropower and ocean energy play in sustainable power generation?</h3>



<p>Renewable energy sources like hydropower and ocean energy are crucial for <strong>sustainable power generation</strong>, offering a cleaner and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional energy sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="how-do-green-energy-technologies-like-hydroelectricity-technology-contribute-to-a-cleaner-energy-future">How do green energy technologies like hydroelectricity technology contribute to a cleaner energy future?</h3>



<p>Green energy technologies, including <strong>hydroelectricity technology</strong>, contribute to a cleaner energy future by providing efficient and <strong>sustainable power generation</strong> solutions, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-is-the-significance-of-marine-energy-solutions-in-the-context-of-renewable-energy">What is the significance of marine energy solutions in the context of renewable energy?</h3>



<p><strong>Marine energy solutions</strong>, including <strong>tidal power industry</strong> and <strong>ocean power innovation</strong>, are significant in the context of renewable energy, offering a vast and largely untapped source of clean energy.</p>

18.2 hydropower and ocean energy: What 5 studies reveal
18.2 hydropower and ocean energy